Espectro do acretismo placentário: recomendações atualizadas da perspectiva do profissional de imagem pré-natal / Placenta accreta spectrum disorders: current recommendations from the perspective of antenatal imaging

O parto cesáreo (PC) é o procedimento cirúrgico mais comumente realizado nos Estados Unidos (mais de 1 milhão de cirurgias por ano) e um dos procedimentos mais realizados em todo o mundo.(1) Embora o PC seja um procedimento potencialmente salvador de vidas, quando corretamente indicado, sua frequência aumentou constantemente nas últimas décadas (atualmente 21,1% globalmente, variando de 5%, na África Subsaariana, a 42,8%, na América Latina e no Caribe). Além disso, estudos demonstram tendência continuada de aumento (projeção para 2030: 28,5% globalmente, variando de 7,1%, na África Subsaariana, a 63,4%, no leste da Ásia).(2) República Dominicana, Brasil, Chipre, Egito e Turquia são os líderes mundiais, com taxas de PC variando de 58,1% a 50,8%, respectivamente, o que aponta para uma tendência preocupante de medicalização do parto e indicação excessiva do PC.(2) Outros procedimentos cirúrgicos como dilatação, curetagem, miomectomia e histeroscopia cirúrgica são menos frequentes que o PC. Ainda assim, devido à tendência de maior idade materna, o número de gestantes previamente submetidas a esses procedimentos também tende a aumentar. Esses dados apontam para um número crescente de gestações em úteros manipulados cirurgicamente Gestantes com cicatrizes uterinas prévias correm risco de aumento da morbimortalidade. Complicações como placenta prévia, rotura uterina espontânea, deiscência uterina (com ou sem intrusão placentária), gestação em cicatriz de cesariana (GCC) e distúrbios do espectro do acretismo placentário (EAP) estão associadas a sangramento uterino potencialmente fatal, lesões extrauterinas e parto pré-termo

Relationship between the Prenatal Diagnosis of Placenta Acreta Spectrum and Lower Use of Blood Components / Relação entre o diagnóstico prenatal de espectro da placenta acreta e menor uso de hemoderivados

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical results of patients admitted and managed as cases of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) at a Central American public hospital and the influence of the prenatal diagnosis on the condition. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of PAS patients treated at Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque, in Managua, Nicaragua, between June 2017 and September 2021. The diagnostic criteria used were those of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, in French). The population was divided into patients with a prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of PAS (group 1) and those whose the diagnosis of PAS was established at the time of the caesarean section (group 2). Results During the search, we found 103 cases with a histological and/or clinical diagnosis of PAS; groups 1 and 2 were composed of 51 and 52 patients respectively. Regarding the clinical results of both groups, the patients in group 1 presented a lower frequency of transfusions (56.9% versus 96.1% in group 2), use of a lower number of red blood cell units (RBCUs) among those undergoing transfusions (median: 1; interquartile range: [IQR]: 0-4 versus median: 3; [IQR]: 2-4] in group 2), and lower frequency of 4 or more RBCU transfusions (29.4% versus 46.1% in group 2). Group 1 also exhibited a non-significant trend toward a lower volume of blood loss (1,000 mL [IQR]: 750-2,000 mL versus 1,500 mL [IQR]: 1,200-1,800 mL in group 2), and lower requirement of pelvic packing (1.9% versus 7.7% in group 2). Conclusion Establishing a prenatal diagnosis of PAS is related to a lower frequency of transfusions. We observed a high frequency of prenatal diagnostic failures of PAS. It is a priority to improve prenatal detection of this disease.

Placenta mórbidamente adherente asociada a malformaciones congénitas: reporte de caso / Morbidly adherent placenta associated with congenital malformations: a case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las alteraciones en la placentación son causa importante de morbilidad materna y neonatal y, en ocasiones, de mortalidad. La literatura científica menciona la posible asociación entre acretismo placentario y alteraciones en los parámetros bioquímicos para aneuploidía, sin descripciones de casos en que coincidan estos dos hallazgos. OBJETIVO: Este es un reporte de caso de una gestante con placenta percreta y producto con trisomía 13 REPORTE DE CASO: Gestante de 34 años, gesta 4 cesáreas 2, abortos 1, vivos 2, con embarazo de 20.4 semanas, sin antecedentes de importancia, con hallazgos en ecografía de iii nivel de alteraciones morfológicas en el sistema nervioso central, onfalocele, malformación cardiaca y deformidades en miembros. Con doppler de placenta que evidencia placenta mórbidamente adherida variedad percreta; hallazgos ecográficos confirmados con el estudio anatomopatológico. CONCLUSIONES: La trisomía 13 es una condición genética que debido a las múltiples malformaciones asociadas se considera incompatible con la vida, la placenta mórbidamente adherida se ha asociado con morbimortalidad neonatal y fetal, la no evidencia en la literatura de estas dos condiciones asociadas puede ser debido a la interrupción temprana de las gestaciones en las que se confirma el primer diagnóstico.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in placentation are an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and, sometimes, deaths. The scientific literature mentions the possible association between placental accreta and alterations in the biochemical parameters for aneuploidy, without descriptions of cases in which these two findings coincide. OBJECTIVE: This is a case report of a pregnant woman with placenta percreta and trisomy 13, in which an ultrasound and pathological analysis were made. The use of keywords, in different databases, did not yield information that directly comply with these associations. CASE REPORT: A 34-year-old pregnant woman, G4C2A1V2 with a 20.4-week pregnancy, without significant medical records, with findings at III level ultrasound of morphological alterations of the central nervous system, omphalocele, cardiac malformation and limb deformities. Also, with placental Doppler that evidences morbidly adhered placenta variety percreta; ultrasound findings confirmed with the pathological study. CONCLUSION: The morbidly adhered placenta has been associated with neonatal and fetal mortality, in which some of the identified causes of fetal death are congenital anomalies. This way this case report allows for the first time to describe the association of placental accreta with aneuploidy, type trisomy 13, demonstrated by the morphological alterations of the pathological and karyotype study.

Assessment of sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta / Avaliação da sensibilidade e especificidade da ultrassonografia e ressonância magnética no diagnóstico da placenta acreta

Abstract Objective To assess and compare the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta in patients with placenta previa. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 37 women, and was conducted between January 2013 and October 2015; 16 out of the 37 women suffered from placenta accreta. Histopathology was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of placenta accreta; in its absence, a description of the intraoperative findings was used. The associations among the variables were investigated using the Pearson chi-squared test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results The mean age of the patients was 31.8 ± 7.3 years, the mean number of pregnancies was 2.8 ± 1.1, the mean number of births was 1.4 ± 0.7, and the mean number of previous cesarean sections was 1.2 ± 0.8. Patients with placenta accreta had a higher frequency of history of cesarean section than those without it (63.6% versus 36.4% respectively; p < 0.001). The mean gestational age at birth among women diagnosed with placenta previa accreta was 35.4 ± 1.1 weeks. The mean birth weight was 2,635.9 ± 374.1 g. The sensitivity of the ultrasound was 87.5%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 65.1%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 75.0%. The sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging was 92.9%, with a PPV of Conclusion The ultrasound and the magnetic resonance imaging showed similar sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of placenta accreta.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar e comparar a sensibilidade e especificidade da ultrassonografia e da ressonância magnética no diagnóstico do acretismo placentário em pacientes com placenta prévia. Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 37 mulheres, sendo 16 com acretismo placentário, realizado de janeiro de 2013 a outubro de 2015. Considerou-se padrãoouro para o diagnóstico de acretismo placentário o exame anatomopatológico, sendo que, na sua ausência, a descrição do achado intraoperatório. As associações entre variáveis foram investigadas utilizando o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados A idade média foi de 31,8 ± 7,3 anos, o número médio de gestações foi de 2,8 ± 1,1, o número médio da quantidade de partos foi de 1,4 ± 0,7, e o número médio de cesáreas prévias foi de 1,2 ± 0,8. O grupo do acretismo placentário apresentou antecedente de cesariana mais frequentemente do que o grupo sem acretismo (63,6% versus 36,4%, respectivamente; p < 0,001). A idade gestacional no parto em mulheres com diagnóstico de placenta prévia com acretismo foi de 35,4 ± 1,1 semanas. O peso ao nascer médio foi de 2.635,9 ± 374,1 g. A sensibilidade do ultrassom foi de 87,5%, comvalor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 65,1%, e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 75,0%. Para a ressonância magnética, a sensibilidade foi de 92,9%, com VPP de 76,5% e VPN de 75,0%. O índice kappa para concordância entre os dois testes foi de 0,69 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,26-1,00). Conclusão O ultrassom e a ressonância magnética apresentaram sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes no diagnóstico do acretismo placentário.

Oclusión temporal de la aorta abdominal mediante el uso de balón intraarterial en acretismo placentario: reporte de un caso / Temporal occlusion of the abdominal aorta using an intra-arterial balloon in the placental accreta: a case report

RESUMEN El acretismo placentario es una enfermedad caracterizada por una inserción anómala de la placenta en la pared uterina. La oclusión infra renal de la aorta abdominal es un procedimiento innovador usado para disminuir el flujo vascular a la pelvis y lograr un mejor control del sangrado. Nosotros reportamos el caso de una gestante de 33 años con embarazo de 25 semanas y diagnóstico de placenta percreta, se aplicó el protocolo institucional que incluye: colocación de catéteres ureterales, inserción de balón intra aórtico (BIA) y finalización del embarazo por cesárea (urología, cirugía de trauma y cuidado critico obstétrico). El binomio madre hijo no presentó complicaciones, el sangrado visual estimado fue de 800 cc y la evolución posquirúrgica fue satisfactoria (sin signos de hipoperfusión o hiperlactatemia); no se reportó mortalidad materno-perinatal. Nuestra experiencia abre la posibilidad a los países de medianos y bajos ingresos a la innovación en la aplicación de estrategias para disminuir la pérdida de sangre intraoperatoria y la necesidad de transfusión; el uso del BIA es una estrategia segura para el control vascular en pacientes con percretismo placentario.

ABSTRACT Placenta accreta is characterized by anomalous placental insertion onto the uterine wall. Infra-renal aortic occlusion is an innovative procedure that reduces blood flow to the pelvis, which helps to achieve a better bleeding control. This case report is about a 33-year-old pregnant woman at 25 weeks, diagnosed with placenta percreta. We used our institutional protocol which includes: insertion of two urethral catherters, insertion of intraaortic balloon and pregnancy termination via cesarean section. Neither the mother or the newborn suffered any complications, the estimated visual bleeding was 800 cc. Postoperative evolution was satisfactory (without signs of hypoperfusion or hyperlactatemia) and there was not any reports of materno-perinatal mortality. This experience allows low and middle income countries the possibility to innovate regarding strategies to decrease intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements; intraaortic balloon insertion is a safe strategy to achieve bleeding control in patients with placenta percreta.

La ecografía Doppler en la detección de invasión vesical en la placenta percreta: nuestra experiencia / Doppler ultrasound in the detection of bladder invasion in the percrete placenta: our experience

Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad de la ecografía Doppler en la detección de la invasión vesical en el percretismo placentario. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó por ecografía, desde noviembre de 2011 hasta mayo de 2013, a 21 pacientes de entre 20 y 44 anos que tenían diagnóstico quirúrgico e histopatológico de acretismo placentario (AP). Se consideró invasión vesical a la presencia de estructuras vasculares parietales en la evaluación Doppler color, mientras que se estableció como probable invasión a la presencia de otros hallazgos ecográficos sin senal Doppler. Resultados: De las 21 pacientes con acretismo placentario, 7 presentaron afectación vesical en el examen histopatológico: 5 tuvieron diagnóstico e informe ecográfico de invasión vesical (por la detección de estructuras vasculares en la evaluación Doppler color) y en las 2 restantes se planteó una probable afectación. De las 14 pacientes sin afectación vesical en el resultado histopatológico, hubo 7 con informes normales en la ecografía y 7 con resultados probables. Conclusión: La ecografía Doppler es un método muy útil para la detección de la invasión vesical en el percretismo placentario. Esta se observa con una vascularización parietal positiva en el Doppler color.

Purpose: To demonstrate the usefulness of Doppler ultrasound in the detection of bladder invasion in cases of placenta percreta. Materials and methods: Twenty-one patients, aged 20-44 years old, with surgery and histopathological diagnosis of placenta accreta were tested with ultrasound between November 2011 and May 2013. We considered bladder invasion the presence of hypervascularity detected with Doppler ultrasound, and probable invasion the presence of signs in gray-scale ultrasound, without Doppler color. Results: From the 21 patients included in the study with placenta accreta, 7 had bladder invasion in the histopathological study. Out of these seven, five had been reported to have bladder invasion because of the presence of hypervascularity detected with Doppler ultrasound, and the 2 remaining were reported as probably affected. Regarding the other 14, 7 were reported as normal in the ultrasound, and 7 as probable. Conclusion: Doppler ultrasound is a very reliable method to detect bladder invasion in placenta percreta, seen as hipervascularity of the uterine-bladder interface in the Doppler color exam.

Oclusión temporal de arterias ilíacas internas en cesárea-histerectomía por placenta acreta: enfoque multidisciplinario / Temporary occlusion of internal iliac arteries in cesarean section-hysterectomy for placenta accreta: a multidisciplinary approach

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y resultados del tratamiento de la placenta acreta previa central en un caso clínico. Durante el embarazo los métodos diagnósticos por imágenes (ultrasonido y resonancia nuclear magnética) precisaron la localización y penetración de la placenta en la pared uterina. En el período inmediato antes del parto, para disminuir la hemorragia, evitar la hipotensión materna y facilitar el procedimiento quirúrgico, se colocaron balones intraarteriales en ambas ilíacas internas por radiólogo intervencionista, catéteres para monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo por anestesiólogo y catéteres ureterales por urólogo. La resolución del parto fue por cesárea-histerectomía sin remoción de la placenta. El caso correspondió a una paciente de 32 años con cesárea en dos partos anteriores, metrorragia episódica y que fue interrumpida en la semana 36. Durante toda la intervención permaneció hemodinámicamente estable requiriendo 1 unidad de glóbulos rojos, 4 litros entre coloides y cristaloides y el posoperatorio fue sin incidentes. El examen histo-patológico demostró percretismo de la pared uterina sin invasión vesical, concordante con las imágenes de lagunas vasculares y la citoscopia. CONCLUSIÓN: El caso demuestra el beneficio del tratamiento especializado multidisciplinario de embarazos con complicaciones graves como la placenta previa con diferentes grados de acretismo.

OBJECTIVE: To report the treatment of a clinical case with central placenta previa accreta. During pregnancy image diagnosis (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging) revealed localization and penetration of the placenta into the uterine wall. Just before delivery to reduce the bloss loss and avoid maternal hypotension and facilitate surgery, intra arterial balloons were placed on both hypogastric arteries by the radiologist; intravascular monitoring was installed by anesthesist and urologist put in ureteral catheters. The delivery was by cesarean section and followed by histerectomy leaving the placenta in situ. The case correspond to a woman of 32 years old that had 2 previous cesarean section. During this pregnancy bled a few times and was delivered at weeks 36th. During surgery she was stable, requiring one unit of red blood cells and four liters of coloids and crystaloids. Post-operative course was with no problems. The pathologist report a placenta percreta with no bladder involvement, agreeing with the vascular lakes image and the cystoscopy. CONCLUSION: This case reveals the benefits of multidisciplinary approach to manage severe complications of pregnancy such as placenta previa and the degree of accretism.

Frequency of placenta accreta on doppler studies in patients with previous caesarian section

To determine frequency of placenta accreta in patients with previous Caesarian section on Doppler ultrasound examination. A descriptive study. The study was conducted in Radiology Department CMH / MH Rawalpindi which is a tertiary care hospital from April 2006 to February 2007. All patients who were pregnant and had previous LSCS were included in our study. The patients were included on the basis of Non-probability convenience sampling. Patients who had all previous normal deliveries were not included in our study. The method adopted on Doppler ultrasound studies placenta accreta in patients with previous caesarian section was confirmed in the first trimester if sac was low lying and attached to anterior wall of uterus with little or no myometrium between sac and bladder. In the second and third trimester visualization of multiple irregular vascular spaces/ sinuses within placenta and visualized vascular bundles leaving the placenta and reaching lower part of bladder was diagnostic of accreta. We found the frequency of placenta accreta in patients with previous caesarian deliveries to be 3% [3/100] in CMH / MH Rawalpindi which is almost consistent with other studied performed in Pakistan and abroad. Out of 100 selected patients 3 were given suspicion of accreta on Doppler studies and confirmed to have accreta by our obstetrician and hysterectomy was done. Placenta accreta is a life threatening condition with increase risk to mother morbidity and mortality. Doppler ultrasound is a reliable radiological technique to diagnose placenta accreta

unusual presentation of placenta percreta

Morbidly adherent placenta is a rare clinical condition resulting from abnormally invasive implantation of the placenta into the uterine substance and potentially into the surrounding organs [percreta]. We report a case of invasive placentation extending through the uterine wall into the bladder and causing primary and recurrent secondary postpartum hemorrhage. It is emphasized that to avoid catastrophic complications, efforts to reach an early antenatal diagnosis should be made through various imaging modalities available in patients with a history of lower segment caesarean section